KIVO Med
Bioenergetics, energy balance, and thermoregulation
From thermodynamic laws and electron transfer to ATP, energy expenditure, and body-temperature control.
- 30 explained questions
- 30 flashcards
- 154 estimated course minutes
Updated
What you will learn
- Define bioenergetics, systems, energy, and metabolism.
- Apply the first and second laws of thermodynamics, enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy.
- Relate ΔG to the equilibrium constant and energetic coupling.
- Describe redox reactions, redox couples, standard potential, and the Nernst equation.
- Analyze ATP production and use, energy balance, and the components of expenditure.
- Compare calorimetry methods and explain thermoregulatory reflexes.
Course outline
Orientation: the energy that keeps the cell active
Bioenergetics describes energy transduction in biological systems and establishes the definitions needed to read cellular thermodynamics.
8 min
Conserving energy: the first law, enthalpy, and Hess's law
The first law accounts for the change in internal energy and enthalpy of a transformation, while Hess's law adds the energetic steps.
12 min
From disorder to useful work: entropy, Gibbs energy, and coupling
Gibbs free energy combines enthalpy and entropy to predict reaction direction, connect it to Keq, and explain reaction coupling.
18 min
Storing energy in electrons: redox reactions and redox potential
Redox couples organize electron transfer, and the Nernst equation relates their potential to concentrations.
18 min
From nutrient energy to ATP
Catabolism converts part of the chemical energy in nutrients into ATP, whose hydrolysis then powers cellular work.
14 min
Energy balance and basal metabolism
Weight remains stable when intake equals expenditure; basal metabolism is the main expenditure in a sedentary subject.
18 min
Diet-induced thermogenesis, physical activity, and weight change
Expenditure above rest varies with meals and movement; its relationship to intake determines the direction of storage.
14 min
Measuring energy expenditure
Direct calorimetry, food balance, and respiratory exchange approach expenditure through different observables.
18 min
Thermoregulation and environmental heat exchange
Homeothermy requires a dynamic balance between heat production and heat loss through conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
16 min
Thermal reflexes: responses to heat and cold
Thermoreceptors and hypothalamus coordinate cutaneous vessels, sweating, muscle, and behavior according to the direction of thermal deviation.
18 min
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